By: Mahmoud E.
Yousif
e-mail: yousif@exmfpropulsions.com
C/O
Physics Department - The University of Nairobi
PACS No: Solar
flares, 96.60.qe
Solar flares are the enormous nuclear explosion occurs
inside or on the solar peripheries. The earlier produced pairs of sunspots pillars
consist of electrons and protons, both of which produced intense external
magnetic field (ExMF). Gyrating protons radius in the pillars are
constantly reduced by increased ExMF, this with nearby ExMF
produced by electrons pillars, allowed for either of two types of solar flares,
1- The Natural
Triggered Flare Mechanism (NTFM), and 2- The Triggered Magnetic Connection
(TFMR). The triggered nuclear fusion, produced electromagnetic
radiation, different combination of particles and enormous energy, all of which
related to level of the explosion, which is based on protons involved.
Solar flares are the
most famous aspect of solar activities, they are intense, short-lived releases of energy, seen as
bright areas on the Sun in optical wavelengths and as bursts of noise in radio
wavelengths; they can last from minutes to hours, and they are the largest
explosive events that occurs in the solar system. The primary energy source for
flares were thought to appears from the tearing and connection of strong magnetic fields [1].
The output radiation of flares covers throughout the electromagnetic
spectrum, from gamma rays to x-rays, through visible light out to
kilometer-long radio waves, NOAA/SEC images [2], SOHO and SDO
movies [3], [4], showed the link between Sunspots and the eruption process
igniting the solar flares and prominence.
Geomagnetic
activities, such as aurora, are caused by charged particles resulted from Solar
flares, while intense flare may damage telecommunications, electricity,
telegraphs and communication satellites [5]. Solar flares are associated with
the sunspots and the intense magnetic fields produced by these sunspots, in a
process known as the magnetic connection [1]. The mechanism through which the
magnetic connection undergoing to initiate solar flare is unknown [6].
Solar flare
mechanism was tackled in the Universal Energies (UE) [7], in
which the explosion was interpreted as nuclear fusion, and initiated by the
external magnetic field (ExMF), both the nuclear fusion and ExMF
in addition to the energization of charged particles were considered the trio
elements of the UE [7].
The famous prominence
eruption arising and falling back into a spinning sunspot first aired by the
Solar Dynamic Observatory (SDO) [8], inspired to revisit the solar activities, which
resulted in the sunspots mechanism [9], and since sunspots and solar flare are
closely related, therefore, the solar flare is re-expanded to include the main
two types of solar flares and different related mathematical equations.
This paper, showed
solar flares relation with sunspots and sequences of events inside protons sunspots
pillars that triggered the nuclear fusion and internal and external ExMF
role in producing that. The two types of trigger process are, (a) The Natural
Triggered Flare Mechanism (NTFM) and (b) The Triggered Magnetic Connection
(TFMR).
As the mechanisms of
solar activities are not well understood, this paper may help providing that,
and to harness the vast energies available in these transformation and above
all understanding the process which may help protecting earth orbital
communication satellites and to secure continuation of human species.
The
paper is built on previous magnetic interaction (MIH) [10] and
related Spinning Magnetic Force (SMFc) [11], and the Elements of
Magnetic Lines of Force (EMLF) [12], all of which formed the bases upon which
several phenomena were explained, the mechanism of each phenomenon may change
but the bases upon which they are structured is the same.
Since Solar
flares is greatly related to the sunspots appearance, it is also found that flares
usually occurs near and along the dividing line (neutral line) between areas of
oppositely directed magnetic fields of sunspots [15], and the development of
flares seems to be the same regardless of the their sizes, with filamentary
structure, production of (He3), high energies
particles which are thrown from flare region, with total energy that can amount
to 1023 Joules [1].
The formation and
movement of protons pillars shown in Fig.1, produced ExMF with
intensity continually building up [9], each
pillar attracts more protons (or electrons) while moving towards the
photosphere (or towards both polar), the radius of gyration, starts
reduced, with intense produced ExMF. The magnetic force exerted
on each gyrating particle is:
Where, BEx is the continual produced ExMF,
Bp(e) is protons or electrons circular magnetic field (CMF)
[10] in Tesla, rm2
is the magnetic radius in meter, C is the speed of light in m. s-1,
the magnetic force Fm is in Newton.
The produced ExMF
reflected in the energization of both electrons and protons increasing their
energies [10, 7, 23, 9].
The intense produced ExMF
decreased radius of gyration for all protons (or electrons), and reduced
distances between any two adjacent electrons and protons [7], this field is
given by.
Where, is the previous magnetic field (starting with
original field B1) in Tesla, c is speed of light in m.s-1,
l is the effective length of
the magnetic lines of force (along which charged particles gyrates) in meters,
q is the elementary charge in Coulomb, nm is the number of charged
particles along one meter length, m is the mass of charged particles in kg, vc is
velocity of captured charged particle in m.s-1, γps
is the relative magnitudes of the primary and secondary ExMF in the final
production of solar ExMF [23], and the produced BSEI
is in Tesla.
Protons (or electrons)
gyrate in orbits inside sunspots pillars shown in Fig.1, the circumferential distance of any orbit
is designated by sunspot orbit (OS), and protons and electrons
radius is designated by rp(e)
and stability distances in spinning magnetic force or nuclear fusion ignition radius
is rr [11] as shown in Fig.2,
the number of protons or electrons fused in an orbit is given by
Where, OS1 is sunspot first circumferential
orbit in meter, rp(e)
is proton or electron radius in meters, rr
is the nuclear
fusion ignition radius in
spinning magnetic force (SMFc) shown in Fig.5 at SMFc
[10] [11], or Fig.2 bellow in meter, ro1 is the first
orbital radius in a sunspot in meter, and NO is the
number of protons or electrons in each orbit.
At fusion, protons
(or electrons) number along the sunspots height shown in Fig.1, is given by
Where, HS is the effective sunspot
height in meters, DH is the distance between two
gyrating orbits in meters, and NH is the number of
protons or electron along the height.
Particles fused in a lengthy Sunspot orbits are
multiplication of both Eq.{3} and {4}, result of which is given by:
Where, NLO is the total number
of fused protons or electron in a lengthy orbit.
The number of orbits along a specific lengthy distance
RL is given by:
Where, DO is the distance between orbits,
and OSx is numbers of orbits along
specific distance. Combining Eq.{5} and Eq.{6}, gives the total number of
protons or electrons fused in sunspot, it is given by:
Where, NST is the total
number of fused protons or electrons in sunspot.
From the Universal
Energies [7], the orbital magnetic force given by Eq.{1} on an orbital protons
or electrons, is given by
While near the photosphere
or deep inside the sun, sunspots ExMF increased from intense
BSEI to maximum BSEE, this
state is shown by the three levels radial reduction in Fig.2, thus radius of gyration
reduced from (a) to (b) to (c), therefore the circumference is reduced. This
state is expressed by substituting ro
in the following equation with mevc/qBE hence
Relating Fig.3 with
nuclear fusion ignition (SMFc) radius rr
[7], and proton’s (or electron’s) radius [10], the circumference of gyrating
particles in Eq.{3} is given by
Substituting Eq.{10} in
Eq.{9} gives the following SMF distance rr
The intensity of ExMF (BTEx) needed to trigger required distance
of rr for Proton-Proton (or
Electron-Electron) interaction previously shown in Fig.2 at the SMFc,
[11] is given by
Therefore, distance rr between adjacent proton (or
electrons) is reduced to fami range (10-15), thus interaction of
opposite spinning magnetic fields (SMF) is enhanced [11], and the
protons (or electrons)-spinning magnetic force (SMFs) is produced
[11], therefore nuclear fusion of protons (or electrons) fusion is achieved.
The latest composed movie by both the SOHO and SDO clearly shoed magnetic
movements before the explosion [24].
Due to these, the
protons (or electrons) force (FMP(E)) given by Eq.{8}
will be greater or equal to Proton-Proton (or Electron-Electron) interaction
force (FSPP(EE)) SMFs [11],
hence
Where,
the FSPP(EE)
is the spinning magnetic force (SMFc))
(or nuclear force for nucleons), in Newton.
As
state, Eq.{13} is caused by BSEE of Eq.{2}
resulted in rr of Eq.{11}, all
protons (or electrons) in orbits along the sunspot height will fuse together,
thus ExMF
production
will ceased, energetic electrons will be ejected and escalated from the system,
while protons fusion will generate great amount of energy and the triggered gyrating
radius (rmT) at this stage
is
Production of ExMF is ceased by condition
given by Eq.{12}.
This process takes long
period of time, the nuclear fusion occurred along the first or multiple inner orbits
of gyrating protons, depends on the magnitude of produced ExMF,
therefore fusion of such process works in a similar manner like an iris, where an
increased ExMF, forced protons radius to be reduced, until
eruption occurred.
ExMF
produced from such natural solar flare eruption may produced intense ExMF,
that may trigger sequence of other flares within the same sunspot spatial.
From observations and
studies of different flares, it became known that sunspots group with complex magnetic field configurations,
often are sites of flares [25], it was discovered that, the solar magnetic field lines
forming the letter 'S', to be connected, it's like a coronal short circuit,
causing the coronal mass
ejection (CME), thus solar flare occurred due to Connection of sunspots magnetic field [26],
the connection depicted by an artist shown in Fig.3 [27] showed the two
sunspots and the connection of two magnetic poles, resulted in a sudden violent
movements, and abruption of different
electromagnetic radiations of various wavelength with sudden massive
flow of charged particles from the solar surface, all these takes from minutes
to as long as hours [28].
The
above discussed NTFM, takes longer period to reach nuclear fusion
triggered status, while in triggered flare magnetic Connection (TFMR) nuclear fusion, eruption
occurred when ExMF produced by both electrons and protons Sunspot
pillars shown in Fig.1, suddenly interacted, shortening their magnetic fields
and reducing gyrating radius.
Since both the negative
and positive pillars, moves alongside while gyrating in opposite direction [29],
shown in Fig.1, and as computerized assimilated [30] therefore, intense
produced ExMF occasionally comes into each other’s fields influences,
producing the spark and igniting the flare [31], when the distance between both
sunspots shortened, or both ExMF are intense, as shown by the
x-rays photo of the s-shape region shown in Fig.3 [32], these regions of
different polarities interacted magnetically [10], resulted in magnetic force
given by Eq.{1}, becomes
Where, BPS
and BTEx are the ExMF
produced by protons and electrons sunspots in Tesla, rPES2
is the distance between the two sunspots in meters, c is the speed of light in
m.s-1, the sunspots Connection force Frc
is in Newton.
The
interaction of two such massive ExMF is synonymous to square root
of Eq.{2} thus
Where,
BMTEx is the sunspot
momentarily Triggered ExMF.
But
above produced BMTEx is greater
than the magnetic fields required by Eq.{12} to shorten rr
distance for Proton-Proton (or Electron-Electron) interaction, shown in Fig.2,
[11], thus we get
This
sudden ExMF increases, decreased the orbital radius, and distance
rr between adjacent proton
(or electrons) to fami range (10-15), the SMF of
adjacent protons comes into the influence of each other [11], therefore protons
in several lengthy orbits interacts thus producing the SMFc or
the nuclear force, which in turns produced the nuclear fusion or the Solar
Flare starting with the A
Large Moreton
wave which look like
Tsunami Shock Wave [33,
34, 35].
This
sudden violence eruption is stronger than the NTFM, because it
trigger several lengthy orbital layers, and differ in time factor to achieve
the interaction process, where interactions of ExMF accelerates
the flare process.
Energy given by solar flares in
minutes can exceed that given by 100 hurricanes on Earth [28],
flares ejected electrons up to 10 MeV and nucleons to
hundreds of MeV [22], these are particles gained
energies through energization process inside the sunspots [9], [7], [10] and
resulted fusions, but energy produced by solar flare is proportional to involved
protons number in this nuclear fusion and the final reaction output, therefore,
energies produced by solar flares or any similar system composed of following
energies:
1- Charged
particles energies gain from energization process.
2- Energy
resulted from fusion interaction.
3- Related
electromagnetic radiation.
Since
natural abundance of deuterium is 0.015%, tritium is 0.001%, helium isotope is
0.000138% and 99.999862 for helium [36], the following is thought to be an
estimate of final fusion energy product related to these proportionalities [7]
{18}
Where, QTHe is the energy released due to fusion
interaction.
From Eq.{18}, the total
energy resultant from sunspots fusion reaction is given by
Where,
NST is the total sunspot protons involve in such fusion
reaction. Since the total number of protons (NST)
involved in such SMFc interaction, or nuclear fusion was given by
Eq.{8}, therefore multiplying this with energy produced by fused nuclei, given
by Eq.{19}.
Therefore,
solar flare energy QSF is given by
Solar flare fusion
triggered by the magnetic flare connection process, involved both the positive
protons and negative electrons sunspots, this explains radiation of both
Gamma-Rays by ions and X-rays by electrons during and within two different
nuclear reactions, triggered by a TFMC, thus exploding solar flares
energetic electrons and ions as shown in Fig.4, [37].
The flare observations
showed, sources of both rays are very fare, they were electrons and ions, the
gamma- rays is coming from feet of large magnetic field loops, while the X-rays
come from the feet of the small magnetic loops near the larger ones [38], this can be compared with
Fig.1.
Since 1 M eV = 1.60 x 10-12
j, and 1 Joule/Sec = 1 Watt, therefore Eq.{20} becomes:
But since Solar Flares
are classified based on their X-rays output, that is in accordance to the
magnitude order of the peak burst intensity (I), measured at earth in the 0.1
to 0.8 nm [39],
therefore the output of the solar flare given by Eq.{21} and measured on the
earth, will give the following classification:
Where, RRF
is a reduction factor related to present system of solar flare classification [40],
the solar flare class CSF, is in Watts per square
meter.
is the previous magnetic field (starting with
original field B1)
BEx
: Continual produced ExMF
BMTEx
: Sunspot momentarily Triggered ExMF.
BSEI : Produced intense external magnetic field.
Bp(e)
: Protons or electrons circular magnetic field (CMF)
BPS
and BTEx : The ExMF
produced by protons and electrons sunspots.
BTEx
: Intensity of ExMF
needed to trigger required distance of rr
for Proton-Proton (or Electron-Electron) interaction
C : Speed of light.
CME : Coronal mass
ejection
CSF
: Solar flare class in Watts per square meter.
DH : Distance between two gyrating orbits.
DO : Distance between sunspot orbits.
EMLF
: Elements of Magnetic Lines of Force
ExMF : External
Magnetic Field
Fm
: Magnetic force
Frc
: Sunspots Connection force.
FSPP(EE) : Spinning magnetic force (SMFc))
(or nuclear force for nucleons)
HS : Effective sunspot height.
l : Effective length of the
magnetic lines of force (along which charged particles gyrates).
m : Mass of
charged particles.
MIH
: Magnetic Interaction Hypothesis.
NH : Number of protons or electron along the height.
NLO : Total number of fused protons or electron in a
lengthy orbit.
NO : Number of protons or electrons in each orbit.
nm
: Number of charged particles along one meter length
NOAA/SEC: National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Administration
NST : Total number of fused protons or electrons in
sunspot.
NST
: Total sunspot protons involve in fusion reaction.
OS1 : Sunspot first circumferential orbit.
OS : Circumferential distance
in sunspot orbit.
OSx : Numbers of orbits along specific distance.
q : Elementary
charge.
QSF
: Solar flare energy
QTHe
: Energy released due to fusion interaction.
RL : Number of orbits along a specific
lengthy distance
rm2
: Magnetic radius.
rmT
: Triggered gyrating radius
ro1 : First orbital radius in a sunspot.
rPES2
: Distance between two sunspots.
rr
: Stability distances in spinning magnetic force(SMFc) or nuclear
fusion ignition radius.
RRF
: Reduction factor related to present system of solar flare classification
rp(e) : Proton or electron radius.
SDO : Solar Dynamic
Observatory
SOHO : Solar and
Heliospheric Observatory
SMFc
: Spinning Magnetic Force
NTFM : Natural Triggered Flare Mechanism
TFMR : Triggered
Magnetic Connection
UE
: Universal Energies
vc : Velocity of captured charged particle.
γps : Relative
magnitudes of the primary and secondary ExMF in the final production of
solar ExMF
Acknowledgement
Thanks to God for having such wealthy
knowledge, and those who help in continuation and spreading of these researches,
to Kumaran Sanmugathasan, Paul Potter,
Osman Abulgasim Ali Dinar, Thomas Cerilo,
Castelo Garang, Yousif Adam and Arinjal
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